Thermodynamics Test. 4

Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released during a phase transition (like melting or boiling) that occurs at a constant temperature.

This law states that the total energy of a system is shared equally among all its degrees of freedom, where k is the Boltzmann constant.

Below the inversion temperature, a gas cools upon expansion (positive coefficient). Above it, the gas heats up (negative coefficient).

This type of machine would create energy from nothing, violating the first law (conservation of energy).

This statement describes the natural direction of heat flow and is the principle behind refrigeration.

This is a key concept in the kinetic theory of gases that relates to properties like viscosity and thermal conductivity.

Since ΔQ = TΔS for a reversible process, the heat transferred is the integral of TdS, which is the area under the curve on a Temperature-Entropy (T-S) diagram.

The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a probability distribution for the speeds of particles in a gas at a certain temperature.

An ideal gas has no intermolecular forces, so its temperature does not change upon free expansion (throttling).

This statement means it's impossible to create a device operating in a cycle that extracts heat from a single reservoir and converts it entirely into work.

A monatomic gas (like Helium or Neon) has three translational degrees of freedom (movement in x, y, and z directions).

This process, also known as throttling, is a constant enthalpy process and is fundamental to refrigeration and gas liquefaction.

The term 'vaporization' refers to boiling. It's the energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces in the liquid state.

The root mean square speed is given by v_rms = √(3RT/M), so it is proportional to √T.

This is the definition of heat capacity (an extensive property), which is different from specific heat capacity (an intensive property).

Above the critical temperature, a substance exists as a supercritical fluid, which has properties of both a gas and a liquid.

According to the kinetic theory of gases, pressure arises from the collisions of molecules with the container walls.

This type of machine would convert heat completely into work with 100% efficiency, which violates the second law.

Evaporation is a surface phenomenon where a liquid turns into a gas at any temperature below the boiling point.

A diatomic gas (like O₂ or N₂) has three translational and two rotational degrees of freedom at ordinary temperatures.