Electrostatics Test. 1

Gauss's law states that the net electric flux through any hypothetical closed surface is equal to 1/ε₀ times the net electric charge enclosed within that closed surface.

Electric flux is defined as the measure of the flow of the electric field through a given area. It's proportional to the number of field lines passing through it.

An equipotential surface is a surface on which all points have the same electric potential. 'Equi' means equal, so it's a surface of equal potential.

Use the formula F = q * E. The charge on a proton is the elementary charge, q = 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C. So, F = (1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C) * (500 N/C) = 800 x 10⁻¹⁹ N, which is 8.0 x 10⁻¹⁷ N.

Since the potential difference between any two points on an equipotential surface is zero, the work done (W = qΔV) is also zero.

Both Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation are inverse-square laws, meaning the force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the interacting objects.

The Farad (F), named after Michael Faraday, is the SI unit of capacitance. One Farad is defined as one Coulomb per Volt (C/V).

A dielectric is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. When placed in a capacitor, it increases the capacitance.

For capacitors in parallel, the total capacitance is the sum of the individual capacitances (C_total = C1 + C2 + ...), which is always greater than the largest individual capacitance.

Use Coulomb's Law: F = k * |q1 * q2| / r². First, convert units: q1 = 4 x 10⁻⁶ C, q2 = -6 x 10⁻⁶ C, and r = 0.2 m. Then, F = (9 x 10⁹) * |(4 x 10⁻⁶) * (-6 x 10⁻⁶)| / (0.2)² = (9 x 10⁹) * (24 x 10⁻¹²) / 0.04 = 5.4 N.

A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric field by accumulating electric charges on two close conductors.

Electric field lines originate on positive charges (or at infinity) and terminate on negative charges (or at infinity).

The Coulomb (C) is the standard SI unit for electric charge, named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.

The formula C = εA/d shows that capacitance (C) is directly proportional to the plate area (A) and inversely proportional to the distance (d) between them.

Electric potential is the work done per unit charge to move a test charge from a reference point (usually infinity) to a specific point in an electric field.

For capacitors in series, the reciprocal of the total capacitance is the sum of the reciprocals of the individual capacitances (1/C_total = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + ...), resulting in a total capacitance smaller than any individual one.

The value of the Coulomb constant (k) is dependent on the permittivity of the medium. Its value is highest in a vacuum.

The dielectric material reduces the electric field strength, allowing more charge to be stored at the same potential difference, thus increasing the capacitance by a factor K (the dielectric constant).

The volt (V) is the SI unit for electric potential, potential difference, and electromotive force. It is defined as one joule per coulomb (J/C).

The energy stored in a capacitor can be expressed as U = Q²/2C or U = ½CV². In both forms, it's proportional to the square of the charge (Q) or the square of the voltage (V).