Most Important Biotechnology Quiz Test Online | Biology

The text mentions that the 'synthesis of peptides to be used as vaccines' is one of the three main biotechnological approaches.

The text defines 'restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLPs)' as the unique collection of different sized fragments that exists between individuals.

Producing a protein (antigen) from a foreign gene inserted into a host is the central principle of recombinant DNA technology.

This is the precise definition provided in the text: a collection of clones containing particular segments of DNA from a source.

The text lists three methods for vaccine development, one of which is the 'synthesis of an antigen with the help of a cloned gene'.

The text states that the most common approach is when a 'normal gene may be inserted into a nonspecific location within the genome to replace a non-functional gene'.

The text explicitly defines 'gene pharming' as 'the use of transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals'.

The text defines a vector as a 'carrier molecule' used to deliver the therapeutic gene, with a virus being the most common example.

The text describes sticky ends as single-stranded projected ends that result from a staggered cut by a restriction enzyme.

The text highlights that PCR is used to amplify DNA several times, making it possible to analyze even very small samples.

The text clearly states that a probe is 'either radioactive or fluorescent' to make its location detectable.

This is the exact *in vivo* method detailed in the text, where liposomes carrying the gene are sprayed into the patient's nostrils.

The text clearly identifies that children with SCID lack the enzyme 'adenosine deaminase (ADA)'.

The text explicitly lists that PCR can be used to 'diagnose viral infections, genetic disorders, and cancer'.

The text states that one method of vaccine development is the 'preparation of a pure antigen using a specific monoclonal antibody'.

A probe is a single-stranded nucleotide sequence designed to hybridize (pair) with a specific piece of DNA, allowing for its detection.

The text explicitly lists the 'hepatitis B vaccine' as a biotechnology product produced by bacteria that is now on the market.

Quinine is mentioned as a product of plant cell suspension cultures, but not as a product of genetic engineering for disease treatment in the same context as the others.

The text explains these bacteria were changed from 'frost-plus to frost-minus' to prevent the formation of ice crystals on plants.

The text explicitly names restriction enzymes (endonucleases) as the 'molecular scissors' used to cut DNA.

The text lists 'haemophilia factor VIII' as one of the biotechnology products produced by transgenic bacteria for treatment.

The text and accompanying diagram show that 'DNA containing the gene of interest is injected into donor eggs' as a key step.

The success with Dolly showed that all genes of a mature, specialized adult cell could be turned on again to direct full development, a feat previously thought impossible.

The text defines 'totipotency' as the phenomenon where plant cells 'have the capacity to regenerate into whole plants'.

The text explains that during gel electrophoresis, 'the fragments can be separated according to their lengths (molecular weight or size)'.

Producing proteins requires gene cloning and expression in a host system (like bacteria), not just PCR. PCR makes copies of DNA, it does not synthesize proteins.

The text states that the 'DNA sequence of human chromosome no. 22...was completed in 1999', making it the first to be seen in its entirety.

The text uses this as a classic example where the expression of the foreign gene resulted in the adult plants glowing when sprayed with the substrate luciferin.

The text lists constructing a 'genetic map of the human genome' as the first primary goal.

The text states the gene codes for an 'insect toxin', which protects the plant's roots from insects.

The text describes DNA ligase as 'molecular glue' that joins the gene of interest with the vector DNA by forming phosphodiester linkages.

The text states that a key advantage is that the 'meristem, unlike other portions of a plant, is virus free, therefore the plants produced are also virus free'.

This is the correct definition given in the text. Removing the cell wall makes it easier to introduce foreign DNA.

The text explains that the DNA of bacterial viruses, like the lambda phage, can be used as a vector to carry foreign genes into bacteria.

The text states that bacterial cells are treated with calcium chloride to 'make them more permeable' for the uptake of the recombinant plasmid.

The text states that anther culture begins with haploid tube cells from pollen grains, which develop into 'haploid embryos' and then haploid plants.

The text explains that if crops are resistant and weeds are not, 'the herbicide can be used to kill the weeds,' which simplifies weed control.

The text explicitly names *Thermus aquaticus*, a bacterium from hot springs, as the source of the temperature-tolerant Taq polymerase.

The text explains this condition develops when 'liver cells lack a receptor for removing cholesterol from the blood'.

The text identifies the 'bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis' as the source of the Bt genes that code for insect toxins.

The text credits 'Hamilton O. Smith, at Johns Hopkins University,' with isolating the first restriction enzyme in 1970.

The text gives this as an example where biochemists isolated and altered genes so that 'various bacteria could be genetically engineered to produce phenylalanine'.

This is the definition given in the text, describing a sequence of four to eight base pairs where nucleotides are arranged symmetrically in reverse order.

The text explains that the channel protein transports Na+ 'across a vacuole membrane,' isolating the salt inside the vacuole to prevent it from interfering with metabolism.

The text describes this device as a method to introduce DNA into a plant tissue culture callus by bombarding it with DNA-coated microscopic metal particles.

The text explains that stem cells are preferred 'because they divide to produce more cells with same genes,' ensuring a continuous supply of corrected immune cells.

The text states that the 'synthesis of gene from mRNA is carried out by reverse transcriptase enzymes'.

The text explains that in this technique, 'foreign DNA is inserted into the plasmid of the bacterium Agrobacterium,' which then infects the plant cell.

The text defines a 'callus' as an 'undifferentiated group of cells' produced when cultured cells begin dividing.

The text defines cDNA as 'The DNA formed by this process' (synthesis from mRNA via reverse transcriptase).

The text specifies that this antibody is made by transgenic 'soybeans' (a plant), not bacteria.

The text specifically mentions the 'concern that they will upset or destroy natural ecosystems,' leading to them being kept in ponds with no escape route.

The text proposes that this method would make it 'no longer be necessary to farm plants for the purpose of acquiring the chemicals they produce'.

The text states that the gene for 'bovine growth hormone' has been used to produce larger fishes, cows, pigs, rabbits, and sheep.

The text and image explanation show that the child's fingerprint is a composite, with half of the markers coming from the mother and half from the father.

The text explains that the Sanger method is based on 'dideoxynucleosides triphosphates (ddNTP's)' which prevent the addition of further nucleotides, thus terminating the chain.

The text explicitly mentions that genetic engineering may 'enhance the ability of bacteria to extract copper, uranium and gold from low grade sources'.

The text states that restriction enzymes 'appear to serve as host-defence role because they chop up and inactivate... the DNA of infecting viruses'.

The complementary single-stranded 'sticky ends' initially associate via weak hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. DNA ligase then forms permanent covalent bonds.

The text states that 'automatic sequencing machines have greatly improved the quality as well as the speed of the sequencing process'.

The text explains this is a safety feature that caused the bacteria 'to self-destruct when the job had been accomplished'.