Most Important Support and Movement Quiz Test Online | Biology

The hyoid bone is a small single bone that lies at the base of the skull below the tongue and does not articulate with any other bone of the head.

bone deposits minerals such as calcium, carbonates, and phosphates, while there is no deposition of minerals in cartilage.

Three pairs of middle ear ossicles are malleus, incus, and stapes.

There are 8 cranial bones that form the cranium (brain box).

blood vessels are present in bone but absent in cartilage.

Table 16.1 indicates that bone is covered by periosteum, while cartilage is covered by perichondrium.

Out of the 8 cranial bones, two are paired: parietal bones (left and right) and temporal bones (left and right).

collagen in bone is densely packed, while in cartilage it is loosely packed.

The paired bones of the face include lacrimal, zygomatic, nasal bones, inferior nasal concha, maxilla, and palatine.

The unpaired bones of the face are mandible and vomer.

The human skeletal system consists of 206 bones.

Fibrocartilage is found in the disks located between the vertebrae and the cartilage of the knee.

The human skeletal system is primarily divided into axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

chondrocytes are the cell types found in cartilage, while bone has osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

Facial bones are fourteen in number.

Four cranial bones are unpaired: frontal bone, occipital bone, ethmoid bone, and sphenoid bone.

Axial skeleton includes skeletal parts along the central axis of the body, such as the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

The head contains 29 bones.

The vertebral column in human beings consists of thirty-three vertebrae.

There are 7 cervical vertebrae.

Thoracic vertebrae are rib-carrying vertebrae having large spinous processes and are found in the chest region.

There are 5 lumbar vertebrae.

Coccygeal vertebrae or coccyx are four vertebrae fused in adults.

The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs are called false ribs, as these three pairs of ribs are attached to the sternum by means of common costal cartilage.

The seven pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum are called true ribs.

Pectoral girdle consists of a pair of clavicles and a pair of scapula.

The humerus is a long bone, the end of which has a spherical head, which fits into the glenoid cavity.

The sacrum articulates with the iliac bones of the hip bone to form the back of the pelvis.

Metacarpals consist of five bones making up the palm of the hand.

Sacral vertebrae are five fused vertebrae forming the sacrum.

The radius is a long, outer bone of the forearm (on the thumb side).

The 11th and 12th pairs of ribs are known as floating ribs because they do not attach to the sternum.

The lower limb or hind limb consists of femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, and phalanges.

The appendicular skeleton includes those skeletal parts which are present in appendages (arms and legs).

Carpals consist of two rows of eight short bones forming the wrist.

The atlas is the first cervical vertebra.

Each finger possesses three phalanges except the thumb which comprises two phalanges.

The pelvic girdle is made up of three units: the ileum, ischium, and pubis, which form the coxa.

The rib cage consists of twelve pairs of ribs.

The upper limb or forelimb consists of humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. Femur is a lower limb bone.

The inner lining of the synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid.

Spondylosis is the immobility and fusion of a vertebral joint.

A joint or articulation is a place where two bones or bone and cartilage come together.

The scientific study of the structure and function of joints is called arthrology.

Joint replacement is called arthroplasty.

Synovial joints are freely moveable joints.

In fibrous joints, adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue, and there is no joint cavity between them.

The nucleus pulposus is an inner semifluid which acts as a rubber ball to give a disc its elasticity and compressibility.

At a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, and these types of joints lack a joint cavity.

Examples of cartilaginous joints include costal cartilages that attach ribs to the sternum, and the pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc.

Each intervertebral disc consists of nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus, which is the strong outer ring of fibrocartilage.

Artificial joints are usually composed of metal (e.g., stainless steel, titanium alloys) in combination with modern plastics (e.g., high-density polythene, silastic or elastomer).

Examples of synovial joints include hinge joint, pivot joint, ball-and-socket joint, and gliding joint.

Fibrous joints are found between most bones of the skull, called sutures.

Common causes of sciatica include a slipped disc, pelvic injury or fracture, and tumors.

Annulus fibrosus is the strong outer ring of fibrocartilage, which holds together successive vertebrae.

Sciatica is caused by injury to or pressure on the sciatic nerve.

Cartilaginous joints allow little movement.

The typical symptoms of arthritis include pain after walking (which may later occur even at rest), creaking sounds in the joint, and difficulty in getting up from a chair.

The skeleton and muscular systems maintain bipedal posture, with certain muscles acting as posture muscles working in opposition to gravity, and the pelvis structure also permitting upright posture.

Osteoarthritis affects the knee, hip, and intervertebral joints.

Simple fracture or closed fractures are those in which the skin is intact.

If the bone ends penetrate the skin and form a wound, it is called a compound fracture or open fracture.

When a fracture damages the adjacent organs, it is called a complicated fracture.

Fractures occur when the physical force exerted on the bone is stronger than the bone itself.

The most common joint affected by gouty arthritis is the joint of the big toe.

Rheumatoid arthritis is the result of an autoimmune disorder in which the synovial membrane becomes inflamed due to a faulty immune system.

Osteoarthritis is a progressive disease in which the articular cartilages gradually soften and disintegrate.

Gouty arthritis results from a metabolic disorder in which sodium urate crystals are deposited in the joints.

Adequate calcium intake in teenage years and twenties increases peak bone mass, offering greater tolerance for bone loss later in life, because a greater bone mass before the onset of osteoporosis provides more resilience.

The repair process of a simple fracture takes place in four major steps, starting with haematoma or clot formation.

A fracture is the medical term for a broken bone.

When a bone breaks, blood vessels in the bone, and perhaps in surrounding tissues, are torn and haemorrhage.

Soon after haematoma formation, bone cells deprived of nutrition die.

Osteoporosis is a common disease characterized by reduced bone mass and an increased risk of fracture.

As a result of the haematoma and dying bone cells, the tissue at the site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed.

As a result of torn blood vessels and haemorrhage, a haematoma, a mass of clotted blood, forms at the fracture site.